Recent drought prevalence in the Limpopo River Basin: insights from the digital twin platform

The Limpopo River Basin (LRB), a transboundary river basin extending over Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe, is highly vulnerable to drought. This manuscript analyzes drought conditions in the LRB using Earth Observation (EO) datasets and key drought indices such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The year 2023, marked by the El Niño phenomenon, exacerbated dry conditions, resulting in prolonged water shortages and reduced agricultural output. Approximately 37% of the basin has been experiencing drought since the 2023–2024 cropping season, impacting ecosystems and crop yields. The present manuscript presents a comprehensive analysis of drought conditions in the LRB and applications of the Digital Twin platform for the LRB to support resource allocation for agricultural planning. Integrating multiple near real-time datasets, the platform enables policymakers to visualize and analyze drought conditions, enhancing decision-making for sustainable resource management and food security in the basin.

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